Angelica Kauffmann | Portrait Louisa Leveson Gower, 1767

Maria Anna Angelika Kauffmann RA (30 October 1741 - 5 November 1807), usually known in English as Angelica Kauffman, was a Swiss Neoclassical painter who had a successful career in London and Rome.

Remembered primarily as a history painter, Kauffmann was a skilled portraitist, landscape and decoration painter.

She was, along with Mary Moser, one of the two female founding members of the Royal Academy in London in 1768

Angelica Kauffmann | Self-Portrait, 1784 | National Portrait Gallery, London

While Kauffman produced many types of art, she identified herself primarily as a history painter, an unusual designation for a woman artist in the 18th century.

History painting was considered the most elite and lucrative category in academic painting during this time period and, under the direction of Sir Joshua Reynolds, the Royal Academy made a strong effort to promote it to a native audience more interested in commissioning and buying portraits and landscapes.

Despite the popularity that Kauffman enjoyed in British society, and her success there as an artist, she was disappointed by the relative apathy of the British towards history painting.

Ultimately she left Britain for the continent, where history painting was better established, held in higher esteem and patronized.

History painting, as defined in academic art theory, was classified as the most elevated category.

Its subject matter was the representation of human actions based on themes from history, mythology, literature, and scripture.

This required extensive learning in biblical and Classical literature, knowledge of art theory and a practical training that included the study of anatomy from the male nude.

Most women were denied access to such training, especially the opportunity to draw from nude models; yet Kauffman managed to cross the gender boundary to acquire the necessary skill to build a reputation as a successful history painter who was admired by colleagues and eagerly sought by patrons.